情態(tài)動詞的完成式:
can / may / should / ought to / must / need等動詞稱為情態(tài)動詞。情態(tài)動詞有三大特征:一是無人稱和數(shù)的變化,二是后面跟的動詞不帶"to",三是后面 + not構(gòu)成否定式,比較:
He needn't go there so early. (他不需要去那么早。- 情態(tài)動詞)
You do not need to be an expert to make this simple design. (這么簡單的設(shè)計不一定非要專家來做。- 動作動詞)
在講解"情態(tài)動詞完成式"前,先將一般式中應(yīng)注意的幾個問題提一下,以引起必要的重視。
1.情態(tài)動詞一般式中應(yīng)注意的幾個問題:
注意以下用法的習(xí)慣與區(qū)別:
He must be a doctor. (他準是個醫(yī)生。)
否定:He can't be a doctor. (他不會是個醫(yī)生。- 注意:一般不用must' be )
又如:They can't be working now.(現(xiàn)在他們不可能在工作。)
May I go now?
回答:Yes, please. / Please don't. (或:No, you mustn't)
have to 與 must
1) 當強調(diào)"外界原因"時,2)當與"將來時"結(jié)合時,用have to,
例如醫(yī)學(xué)全在.線.提供, m.zxtf.net.cn:
Since it is raining, we have to sty indoors.
You will have to hurry if you want to catch the 9:30 train. (你要是趕9:30的火車,得趕緊。)
3) 表示自然規(guī)律或必然結(jié)果,用must,
例如:
All men must die. (人固有一死。)
can 與be able to
can表示能力,但不一定做了或做成了;be able to 表示有能力并且做成了,相當于succeed in doing, 例如:
The patient is able to walk now. (說明病人原來是喪失了走的能力的,現(xiàn)在自己能走了)
The patient can walk now. (可能的情況是,病人是能走的,但醫(yī)生不讓他走,如急性心梗后醫(yī)生不讓病人走動。)
Shall I / we(第一人稱)…? 表示征求對方意見;(第二、三人稱) + shall…表示"允諾"或"警告,例如:
Shall I fetch a doctor for you? (要我為你請個醫(yī)生來嗎?)
You shall be sorry for what you have done. (你會為你所做的事后悔的。)
Will you….? 表示請求, 例如:
Don't' be late for the meeting next time, will you? (下次開會別遲到了,好嗎?)
比較:I would remind you that smoking is forbidden here. (表示"婉轉(zhuǎn)的建議或請求":我想提醒你,這里不能抽煙。)
needn't 的肯定式為must,例如:
You needn't see him, but I must. (你不必去看他,但我得去。)
cannot but + 原形動詞(意思相當于have to), 例如:
I cannot but tell you the truth. (我不得不給你說實話。)
2.情態(tài)動詞的完成式:
情態(tài)動詞的一般式用于表達"現(xiàn)在"或"將來"的情況,而情態(tài)動詞的完成式則用來表達"已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情",例如:"你不應(yīng)該來得那么晚。"這是對已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情(你來晚了)表示自己的看法:You shouldn't have come so late.
將常用、?嫉膸讉情態(tài)動詞完成式列表說明如下:
must (not) have done |
表示對已發(fā)生的事情的"判斷",中文常表達為:"準是…" |
It must have rained last night; the ground is wet.(昨晚準是下雨了,地上濕漉漉的。) |
should (not) have done / ought (not) to have done |
表示"事與愿違",中文常表達為:"(不)該…","本(不)該…" |
The baby was cut badly; she shouldn't (oughtn't to) have let him play with the scissors. (孩子傷得很厲害;她不該讓他玩剪刀。) |
may / can (not) have done |
表示"本(不)可能" |
She may have known the news; she is crying. (她可能已經(jīng)知道那個消息了;她在哭。) |
need (not) have done |
表示"本(不)需要" |
You needn't have bought that dictionary; I have got a spare one. (你實際上沒有必要買那本字典;我有一本多余的。) |
由于在沒有情景的情況下很難區(qū)分情態(tài)動詞一般式和完成式,例如"你不該去",究竟是You shouldn't go there. 還是 You shouldn't have gone there, 因此考試的時候往往會給出情景,這對判題非常重要,如上面表格例子中的"the ground is wet","the baby was cut badly","she is crying", 都是題目所給的情景。