1.1 目的(Objective):文獻(xiàn)[7]指出,摘要的“目的”不能簡單地重復(fù)文章題名;應(yīng)該提供研究背景,這也是國際醫(yī)學(xué)期刊編輯委員會(huì)的要求[8]。在摘要的“目的”中應(yīng)簡要說明提出問題的緣由,表明研究的國內(nèi)外研究背景,特別是一些國內(nèi)或世界首次報(bào)道的研究,闡明這些內(nèi)容就更為重要。例如,《豚鼠聽力衰退模型的AFLP分子標(biāo)記篩選》(Screening of AFLP markers on the hearing-loss model of guinea pig),其英文摘要的“目的”部分原譯為: To screen amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers by whole genome scanning on the hearing-loss model of guinea pig and to reveal the molecular mechanism of presbycusis. 除了重復(fù)題名外,尚缺乏研究背景的闡明。宜修改為: The long fragment deletion of mitochondria DNA has important relation to hearing decline. But the effect of factors including karyogene should not be neglected. This study was designed to screen amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers by whole genome scanning on the hearing-loss model of guinea pig and to reveal the molecular mechanism of presbycusis. (國外研究顯示了線粒體DNA的大片段缺失與聽力衰退具有重要關(guān)系,但是,不能排除核基因等因素對(duì)聽力衰退的作用。該研究獲取了擴(kuò)增片段長度多態(tài)性(AFLP)標(biāo)記,以揭示老年性耳聾的分子發(fā)病機(jī)制。)修改后讀者能清晰地了解到該項(xiàng)工作的研究背景,其研究目的亦非常明了。
1.2 方法(Methods):簡要說明研究課題的基本設(shè)計(jì),使用材料和方法,如何分組對(duì)照,研究范圍及精確程度,數(shù)據(jù)是如何取得的,經(jīng)何種統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法處理。例如,原摘要中未進(jìn)行分組介紹,修改后方法較詳實(shí),Methods: The vascular dementia (VD) rat model was established by permanent bilateral occlusion of both common carotid arteries. The rats were divided into 4 groups randomly as control, VD model (0.9% sodium chloride), edaravone (3 mg/kg per day) and duxil groups (gastric perfusion, 20 mg/kg per day) after place navigation training. The treatment was from the 7th day after operation and lasted for 20 d. At the 1st and 2nd month the heads of rats were cut down for brain to measure the activity of COX and the change of genetic expression.
1.3 結(jié)果(Results):簡要列出研究的主要結(jié)果和數(shù)據(jù)及置信值、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)顯著性檢驗(yàn)的確切值。只有列出了有意義的數(shù)據(jù),讓讀者有個(gè)客觀的比較,研究結(jié)果才讓人可信,才更具說服力[8]。例如,Results 3 and 7 d after MCAO, the neurological deficiency score in FNs group (2.25±0.46 and 1.0±0.82 respectively) had no significant difference from those (2.33±0.82 and 1.43±0.79) at same time point in MCAO group. It was decreased to 0.50±0.55 at 14 d after MCAO in FNs group ,which was significantly different from 1.25±0.71 in MCAO group (P<0.05). The level of of GAP-43 mRNA expression in FNs group at 12 h and 3 d posterior of MCAO (0.70±0.23 and 1.44±0.62,respectively) had no significant difference from those (0.57±0.25 and 1.18±0.42) in MCAO group(P>0.05). At 7 d and 14 d time point, they reached the height of 3.03±1.45 and 1.82±0.9 respectively in FNs group, significantly higher than 1.55±0.72 and 0.92±0.52 in MCAO group(P<0.05)。原文未提供具體的有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的數(shù)據(jù),修改后更具有說服力。
1.4 結(jié)論(Conclusion):簡要說明經(jīng)驗(yàn)證、論證取得的正確觀點(diǎn)其理論價(jià)值或應(yīng)用價(jià)值,是否可推薦或推廣等。例如,Conclusion EEG doesn’t change necessarily with aging. The elevation of slow wave power may be related to the MMSE decline and MCI. 修改后宜對(duì)其應(yīng)用價(jià)值加以補(bǔ)充為:It would help improve the diagnostic value of recognition function decline and provide a practical and feasible method for its prevention.
2 英文結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要的寫作技巧醫(yī)學(xué)科技論文英文結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要的寫作需要做到簡練,準(zhǔn)確,邏輯性強(qiáng),使人讀后能一目了然醫(yī)學(xué)全在線m.zxtf.net.cn。
2.1 標(biāo)題:是全文內(nèi)容的高度概括,大多采用名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)(Nominalization),應(yīng)準(zhǔn)確無誤地表達(dá)論文的中心內(nèi)容,恰如其分地反映研究范圍和深度,避免過于抽象,標(biāo)題中有關(guān)時(shí)間和數(shù)量等概念的表達(dá)應(yīng)做到能用數(shù)字精確表達(dá)的最好不用模糊含義的詞。題目不是一個(gè)完整的句子時(shí)可省略冠詞(a,an,the),是一個(gè)完整句子時(shí),盡量保留冠詞。一般不超過10 個(gè)實(shí)詞。
2.2 時(shí)態(tài):表述文章的寫作目的時(shí)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),多用句型為:動(dòng)詞不定式+表述作用、關(guān)系、效果、價(jià)值等名詞,如,to study; to evaluate;to explore”。方法和結(jié)果多用過去時(shí),結(jié)論多用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
2.3 語態(tài):一般以第三人稱的被動(dòng)語態(tài)為多,這是因?yàn)獒t(yī)學(xué)研究著重于客觀事物和過程的描述,使得整項(xiàng)活動(dòng)更顯出科學(xué)性。同時(shí),被動(dòng)語態(tài)的句子在結(jié)構(gòu)上有較大的調(diào)節(jié)余地,有利于采用必要的修辭手段,擴(kuò)大句子的信息量,從而突出重要的概念、問題、事實(shí)、結(jié)論等內(nèi)容[9]。
2.4 用詞:盡可能地頻繁使用縮寫詞、名詞作定語,簡化句型,增大信息密度,使行文簡練、結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。醫(yī)學(xué)英語的特點(diǎn)是派生詞多、正式詞匯多、名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)多、長句多、被動(dòng)句多、非謂語動(dòng)詞多、專業(yè)性強(qiáng)等。一定要用相應(yīng)的專用詞,不能望文生義,不能憑《漢英字典》作字面翻譯,應(yīng)該參考國際通用譯名和醫(yī)學(xué)英語專用字典的譯法。如:骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎,不能譯“inflammation of bone andjoint”,應(yīng)譯“osteoarthritis”。短詞代替長詞,常用詞代替生僻詞,書面語代替口語。定語中盡可能用非謂語動(dòng)詞形式、縮寫詞和名詞,不用或少用從句。
2.5 關(guān)鍵詞:最好3個(gè)以上、6個(gè)以下關(guān)鍵詞,建議使用Mesh表中的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)詞匯。
總之,一篇能確切表達(dá)醫(yī)學(xué)科技論文主旨的英文結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要需在人稱、時(shí)態(tài)、術(shù)語、數(shù)字及單位等具體環(huán)節(jié)達(dá)到和諧統(tǒng)一。英文摘要寫作水平的提高,還需要擴(kuò)大詞匯量,鞏固語法知識(shí),要多與英語國家同行接觸,積累經(jīng)驗(yàn),摸索規(guī)律。此外,平時(shí)多看英文核心期刊文獻(xiàn),特別是查閱、檢索美國MEDLINE數(shù)據(jù)庫的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)的摘要,有助于迅速提高英文摘要的寫作水平。