Text 3
The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.
“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,” writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors(SBoRE). Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.
Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”
Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group. He says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.” He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”
John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “l(fā)ong overdue.” “Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.
Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process”. Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place”.
31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that
[A] Science intends to simplify their peer-review process.
[B] journals are strengthening their statistical checks.
[C] few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.
[D] lack of data analysis is common in research projects.
【答案】[B] journals are strengthening their statistical checks
【解析】推理題。根據(jù)題干直接定位到第一段。解題關(guān)鍵在于第二句The policy follows similar efforts from other journals(該政策得到其他期刊類似的努力)the policy指第一句The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, (《科學(xué)》雜志把統(tǒng)計(jì)檢查額外添加到它的同行評審過程中)，由此可直接推斷出正確答案為[B] journals are strengthening their statistical checks (各大期刊正在加強(qiáng)統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字檢查)。選項(xiàng)[A]中simplify與原文語意不符，所以選項(xiàng)C、D屬于無中生有。
32. The phrase “flagged up” (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning to
[A] found.
[B] marked.
[C] revised.
[D] stored.
【答案】[C] marked
【解析】詞義題。根據(jù)題干定位回第二段第三句Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal editors, (雜志內(nèi)部編輯將通過更多的審查來標(biāo)記手稿)。文中運(yùn)用代入法，把各選項(xiàng)代入句中替換，可知選項(xiàng)C marked(標(biāo)記)為正確答案。選項(xiàng)A found(發(fā)現(xiàn)，找到)，選項(xiàng)B revised(修改)，選項(xiàng) D stored(存儲(chǔ))。
33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may
[A] pose a threat to all its peers.
[B] meet with strong opposition.
[C] increase Science’s circulation.
[D]set an example for other journals.
【答案】[D] set an example for other journals
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Giovanni Parmigiani，the establishment of the SBoRE和may定位到第四段的最后一句“… but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science。選項(xiàng)中的example是model的同義替換，others journals是原文中a larger group of publishing places的同義替換。
文章中出現(xiàn)了hopefully，表示作者積極的態(tài)度。選項(xiàng)A中的threat，選項(xiàng)B中的opposition分別表達(dá)負(fù)向消極的態(tài)度，所以錯(cuò)誤。選項(xiàng)C increase Science’s circulation(增加《科學(xué)》雜志的發(fā)行量)，文章并未提到，屬于無中生有。
34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now
[A] adds to researchers’ workload.
[B] diminishes the role of reviewers.
[C] has room for further improvement.
[D]is to fail in the foreseeable future
【答案】[C] has room for further improvement
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞David Vaux和Science，可定位到第六段最后一句。Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place”. (《科學(xué)》雜志把論文推給統(tǒng)計(jì)員審核有一些優(yōu)點(diǎn)，但缺點(diǎn)是它依賴于審稿編委會(huì)首先需要確定審查的文件。)
選項(xiàng)A中workload，選項(xiàng)B. diminish the role of reviewers和選項(xiàng)D中的foreseeable future沒有提到，屬于無中生有。
35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?
[A] Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers.
[B] Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect
[C] Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors’ Desks
[D] Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science
【答案】A science joins push to screen statistics in papers
【解析】文章第一段由Science將增加statistical checks引出話題，接下來各段就此問題McNutt, Giovanni Parmigianni, John Ioannidis, David Vaux提出各自的看法。文中statistical，papers反復(fù)提及，可知該詞是文中核心詞。選項(xiàng)B和選項(xiàng)D首先排除，偏離主題，statisticians僅在文中提及，非重點(diǎn)討論內(nèi)容;選項(xiàng)C與文中主題相差較大，因此排除。
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Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch’s daughter ,Elisabeth ,spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions” Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism ”in society should be profit and the market .But “it’s us ,human beings ,we the people who create the society we want ,not profit ”.
Driving her point home, she continued: “It’s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous foals for capitalism and freedom.” This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International ,shield thought ,making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking .
As the hacking trial concludes – finding guilty ones-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones ,and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge –the winder issue of dearth of integrity still standstill, Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people .This is hacking on an industrial scale ,as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.
In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place .One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, wow little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired wow the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.
In today’s world, title has become normal that well—paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business–friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.
The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions—nor received traceable, recorded answers.
36. According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by
[A] the consequences of the current sorting mechanism
[B] companies’ financial loss due to immoral practices.
[C] governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.
[D]the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.
【答案】[A] the consequences of the current sorting mechanism
【解析】通過題干可以將此題鎖定在前兩段。第一段指出Elisabeth談到了“我們很多機(jī)構(gòu)都面臨著令人沮喪的正直感的喪失”。接下來第二句指出這種正直感的喪失是因?yàn)榇蠹移毡檎J(rèn)為社會(huì)中唯一的分類機(jī)制(sorting mechanism)應(yīng)該是利益和市場。而從第一段最后一句我們看出，她認(rèn)為“應(yīng)該是我們?nèi)祟愖约簞?chuàng)造我們想要的社會(huì)，而不應(yīng)該是利益”�？梢�，Elisabeth很不認(rèn)可目前的這種分類機(jī)制(sorting mechanism)以及所造成的不良后果，這也正是她感到沮喪的原因。故A選項(xiàng)consequence of the current sorting mechanism(目前這種分類機(jī)制的后果)是真正讓她沮喪的原因。
37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that
[A] Glem Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime
[B] more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.
[C] Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.
[D] phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.
【答案】[B] more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking
【解析】第三段第一句指出，Andy Coulson因?yàn)閰⑴c手機(jī)黑客案件被裁定有罪，然而他的前任卻被認(rèn)定是無罪的。通過這一事件，作者得出由此造成的道德淪喪廣泛問題依然存在(the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands)。即仍然存在一些人沒有被裁定有罪。接著文章指出了在新聞業(yè)中，已經(jīng)有記者被認(rèn)定非法侵入用戶手機(jī)。而還有一些在等待審判(others await trial)，由此可以推出，將會(huì)有更多的記者因?yàn)樯婕笆謾C(jī)黑客案件而被裁定有罪。故正確答案為選項(xiàng)B。
38. The author believes the Rebekah Books’s deference
[A] revealed a cunning personality
[B] centered on trivial issues
[C] was hardly convincing
[D] was part of a conspiracy
【答案】[C] was hardly convincing
【解析】根據(jù)題干中的“defence”可以回文定位到文章第四段最后一句話。該句指出Ms. Brooks辯護(hù)成功的關(guān)鍵在于她對這個(gè)事件一無所知(she knew nothing)。而作者在該段第一句話中指出，道德喪失不僅體現(xiàn)在普遍存在的手機(jī)黑客這一事實(shí)上，更體現(xiàn)在一些審判案件所使用的條款上，其中最震驚的就是對Ms. Brooks的審判�？梢�，作者對該案的審判持否定態(tài)度。因此，認(rèn)為她的辯護(hù)是不可信的。故正確答案為C。
39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows
[A] generally distorted values
[B] unfair wealth distribution
[C] a marginalized lifestyle
[D] a rigid moral cote
【答案】[A] (generally distorted values)
【解析】通過題干中的“collective doctrine”可以直接定位到文中第五段第三行。該句指出“collective doctrine”是社會(huì)的分類機(jī)制應(yīng)該是利益。接下來可以看出，那些真正起作用的是那些表示利益的詞“efficiency，flexibility，shareholder value，business-friendly，wealth generation…”，而表示公平、正義的詞(Justice，fairness，tolerance…)則被置于邊緣�？梢�，這種教義(collective doctrine)只關(guān)注利益，而忽略了公平與正義，這顯然是一種扭曲的價(jià)值觀。故A選項(xiàng)正確。
40. Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?
[A] The quality of writing is of primary importance.
[B] Common humanity is central news reporting.
[C] Moral awareness matters in exciting a newspaper.
[D] Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.
【答案】[C] moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper
【解析】這是一道開放式推理題。作者在最后一段前兩句話指出，新聞報(bào)道的目的不是為了促進(jìn)讀者的理解，也不是為了追求公平或者違背人類共有的人性，而是通過追求發(fā)行量的影響率來破壞人們的生活。即文章從一開始指出的一個(gè)問題，為了追求利益而造成了正值感的喪失醫(yī)學(xué)全.在.線.提供. m.zxtf.net.cn。從“ruin”一詞可以看出，作者對新聞?dòng)浾叩倪@一行為持否定的態(tài)度。并且通過Ms. Brooks女士的行為加以佐證。作者通過正話反說的方式，突出新聞報(bào)道過程中正值感的重要性。故正確答案為C，moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper(在新聞報(bào)道中，道德意識很重要)，其中moral awareness和integrity是同義互換。
