Part B
Directions:
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your explicit knowledge of English grammar (41) ______you begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved: who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.
The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just passive assimilation but of active engagement inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and cues (42) _______
Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or “true” meaning that can be read off and clocked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to the world. (43) _______
Such background material inevitably reflects who we are, (44) _______This doesn’t, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page-including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns-debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.
How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it. (45)_______such dimensions of read suggest-as others introduced later in the book will also do-that we bring an implicit (often unacknowledged) agenda to any act of reading. It doesn’t then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different kinds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.
[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.
[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretation but at the same time obscure or even close off others.
[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the contest. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.
[D]In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.
[E]You make further inferences, for instance, about how the test may be significant to you, or about its validity—inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.
[F]In plays，novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, not necessarily as mouthpieces for the author’s own thoughts.
[G]Rather, we ascribe meanings to test on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text’s formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.
41【答案】[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms...
【解析】從首段疑問句可以看出文章主題圍繞如何閱讀來進(jìn)行展開。41題空在段中間，需要看空處的前一句和后一句，前一句說的是要去理解單詞的含義，并關(guān)注句法，而后一句說開始推測文章語境。所以可以推測出41題空處應(yīng)該說的是單詞語義和語境之間的聯(lián)系，關(guān)鍵詞就是words和context�？v覽選項，只有C項符合語境和關(guān)鍵詞要求，屬同詞復(fù)現(xiàn)，上下文語義邏輯關(guān)聯(lián)。故正確答案選C。
42【答案】[E] You make further inferences, for instance...
【解析】該題空在段末，需要看空處的前一句和下一段首句，前一句說的是我們通過作者給出的一些具體線索來理解含義，而下一段首句說通過這種方式表達(dá)，每個人的理解都會有所不同。所以可以推測出42空處內(nèi)容要有關(guān)根據(jù)作者給的線索推測信息，而且可能會涉及不同的人有不同的理解，關(guān)鍵詞是infer, the writer和each reader�？v覽選項，只有E項符合語境且出現(xiàn)inferences, the author, personal，屬同義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)。故正確答案選E。
43【答案】[G] Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis...
【解析】空格后出現(xiàn)明顯的指代線索詞such background material，所以空格內(nèi)必定要出現(xiàn)相關(guān)的信息，瀏覽選項，G選項中textual and contextual material，background與空后線索實現(xiàn)代詞指代復(fù)現(xiàn)。而且G選項中的rather,與空前what is in question is not...實現(xiàn)語義邏輯關(guān)聯(lián)。確定此選項為正確答案。
44【答案】[B] Factors such as the place and period in which...
【解析】空前的線索詞為who we are，空后的線索為轉(zhuǎn)折邏輯關(guān)系，意思是“但這并不會使得理解僅僅有關(guān)聯(lián)或者毫無意義”，關(guān)鍵詞為interpretation，relative，pointless，空格中需要出現(xiàn)與此相關(guān)聯(lián)的詞匯，瀏覽后面選項，B選項中出現(xiàn)原詞interpretations，而且此選項中的gender, ethnicity, age, social class與空前線索詞who we are 相對應(yīng)。確定正確答案為此選項。
45【答案】[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond...
【解析】空格在最后一段的中間，線索需要從空格前后尋找，空前為概括的句子，關(guān)鍵詞為particular interest,空后出現(xiàn)代詞指代的線索，such dimensions of reading suggest,結(jié)合關(guān)鍵詞可以得知空格所填的部分內(nèi)容需要涉及到“閱讀的興趣以及閱讀維度”，瀏覽選項，A選項提到的諸多問題正是有關(guān)讀書的興趣以及閱讀的維度。因此確定A為正確選項。
Section III Translation
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration—one of the great folk wanderings of history—swept from Europe to America. 46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.
47) The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world.
48) But, the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.
49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th- and 16th-century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six- to twelve-week voyage, they subsisted on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ship were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.
“To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief.” said one recorder of events, “The air at twelve leagues’ distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.” The colonists’ first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods. 50) The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a veritable real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.
46【參考譯文】在多種強(qiáng)大的動機(jī)驅(qū)動下，這次(移民)運(yùn)動在一片荒野上建立了一個國家，并且就本質(zhì)而言，塑造了一個未知大陸的性格和命運(yùn)。
47【參考譯文】有兩股主要力量形成了美國：一是歐洲民族帶來的不同思想、風(fēng)俗和民族特征，二是這個新國家在改變這些特征之后造成的影響醫(yī)學(xué)全.在.線.提供. m.zxtf.net.cn。
48【參考譯文】但是，美國特有的地理條件、不同種族間的相互影響、以及在這片蠻荒的新大陸上維持舊秩序的萬分艱難，帶來了巨大的變化。
49【參考譯文】十五、十六世紀(jì)的探索發(fā)現(xiàn)了北美洲，又過了一百多年，第一艘滿載移民的航船跨過大西洋駛向這片土地，即現(xiàn)在的美國。
50【參考譯文】原始森林樹木種類繁多，是一座真正的寶庫，從緬因州向南一直延伸至喬治亞州。
