2015年醫(yī)學(xué)考研英語一真題及答案完整版
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is _(1)_a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has__(2)_.
The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted _(3)__1,932 unique subjects which __(4)__pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both_(5)_.
While 1% may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even _(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our kin.”
The study_(9)_found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity .Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now,_(10)_,as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more_(11)_it. There could be many mechanisms working together that _(12)_us in choosing genetically similar friends_(13)_”functional Kinship” of being friends with_(14)_!
One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolution_(15)_than other genes Studying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major_(17)_factor.
The findings do not simply explain people’s_(18)_to befriend those of similar_(19)_backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to_(20)_that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.
1. [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what
【答案】[D] what
【解析】該題考查的是語法知識(shí)。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)和選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)，可以判斷出空格處應(yīng)填從屬連詞引導(dǎo)從句;再根據(jù)句子的內(nèi)容，可以看出該從句是一項(xiàng)研究的相關(guān)內(nèi)容(what)，不是指研究的時(shí)間(when)， 原因(why)和方式(how)，因此，該題的答案為what。
2. [A] defended [B] concluded [C] withdrawn [D] advised
【答案】[B] concluded
【解析】從此題所在的句子的前后內(nèi)容可以判斷出，that is_______ 中的that是指第一句話的內(nèi)容(朋友與我們基因上的相關(guān)性)，很顯然是研究得出的結(jié)論。因此，答案為concluded。
3. [A] for [B] with [C] on [D] by
【答案】[C] on
【解析】根據(jù)空格所在句子的內(nèi)容(研究對(duì)1932分獨(dú)特的受試者進(jìn)行分析)判斷出進(jìn)行分析的對(duì)象是1932 unique subjects。conduct analysis on…是固定表達(dá)。
4. [A] compared [B] sought [C] separated [D] connected
【答案】[A] compared
【解析】該空格所在的句子是which 引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾study,意思是：對(duì)幾對(duì)基因不相關(guān)的朋友和陌生人進(jìn)行_______。因?yàn)椤把芯俊钡膬?nèi)容是關(guān)于朋友間基因上的相關(guān)性問題，所以完整的意思應(yīng)該是：對(duì)幾對(duì)基因不相關(guān)的朋友和陌生人進(jìn)行比較。所以最佳答案為compared。
5. [A] tests [B] objects [C]samples [D] examples
【答案】[C] samples
【解析】根據(jù)空格的前后內(nèi)容判斷，到第五個(gè)空為止，文章都在講實(shí)驗(yàn)過程，和實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象，第五個(gè)空格所在句子的內(nèi)容是：相同的人們都用于實(shí)驗(yàn)中的這兩類______。所以根據(jù)上下文語境和內(nèi)容，應(yīng)該選與實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象相對(duì)應(yīng)的samples(樣例).因此，答案是samples。
6. [A] insignificant [B] unexpected [C]unbelievable [D] incredible
【答案】[A] insignificant
【解析】空的語境為：盡管這1%看起來似乎____，但是遺傳學(xué)家可不這么認(rèn)為。空前后形成對(duì)比轉(zhuǎn)折的邏輯關(guān)系，而從后文列舉的例子中可知遺傳學(xué)家James Fowler對(duì)這1%基因的態(tài)度是肯定的，故答案為A。
7. [A] visit [B] miss [C] seek [D] know
【答案】[D] know
【解析】空的語境為：大多數(shù)人甚至不____他們隔三代的表親，但卻設(shè)法選擇那些____我們親戚的人作為朋友。填入的詞必須滿足前后句之間的轉(zhuǎn)折邏輯關(guān)系，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)帶入，只有D選項(xiàng)符合上下文語義。
8. [A] resemble [B] influence [C] favor [D] surpass
【答案】[A] resemble
【解析】空的語境為：大多數(shù)人甚至不認(rèn)識(shí)他們隔三代的表親，但卻設(shè)法選擇那些____我們親戚的人作為朋友。根據(jù)全文中心：基因上的相似性，可知本題選擇A。
9. [A] again [B] also [C] instead [D] thus
【答案】[B] also
【解析】空所在的句子開頭用“The study…”,顯然這是對(duì)上文話題的繼續(xù)闡述，前文指出研究發(fā)現(xiàn)朋友與我們有1%的基因關(guān)系，而空所在句“the genes for smell were something shared in friends”在進(jìn)一步詳細(xì)討論該話題，前后之間是順接關(guān)系，故答案為B。
10. [A] Meanwhile [B] Furthermore [C] Likewise [D] Perhaps
【答案】[D] Perhaps
【解析】從選項(xiàng)和文字中句子結(jié)構(gòu)可以判斷，空格處要求填入一個(gè)能夠體現(xiàn)前后兩個(gè)句子邏輯關(guān)系的副詞，空前的句子談到“為什么在嗅覺基因方面存在相似性還很難解釋”，空后卻緊接著對(duì)此得出一個(gè)相關(guān)結(jié)論，很明顯是矛盾的，所以此結(jié)論只能是一種不確定的推測(cè)，故答案為D。
11. [A] about [B] to [C]from [D]like
【答案】[B] to
【解析】該題為介詞選擇題。后半句出現(xiàn)比較級(jí)，可見是和前文形成比較關(guān)系，因此和上半句介詞保持一致，用介詞to。該句翻譯：它(這種相似性)吸引我們到相同的環(huán)境，并且使我們更為相似。因此答案為to。
12. [A] drive [B] observe [C] confuse [D]limit
【答案】[A] drive
【解析】該句意思為：很多機(jī)制共同作用，從而_____我們選擇基因相似的朋友，_____和_____交朋友的“功能關(guān)系”。根據(jù)上下文可知，此處所填入動(dòng)詞需符合結(jié)構(gòu)_____sb. in doing sth，B選項(xiàng)observe(觀察，遵守)和C選項(xiàng)confuse(困惑)均無此用法醫(yī)學(xué)全.在.線.提供. m.zxtf.net.cn。符合該結(jié)構(gòu)只有A選項(xiàng)drive(驅(qū)使)和D選項(xiàng)limit(限制)。根據(jù)上下文可得知：這些機(jī)制驅(qū)使我們選擇基因相似的朋友，符合文章主題。如果選限制則為反向干擾。因此答案為drive。
13. [A] according to [B] rather than [C] regardless of [D] along with
【答案】[B] rather than
【解析】所填詞為邏輯關(guān)系短語，空前說選擇基因相似的朋友，空后說具有“實(shí)用關(guān)系”的朋友，可知前后為對(duì)立關(guān)系，并且根據(jù)文章主題，可知肯定前者而否定后者，可鎖定B選項(xiàng)rather than。A選項(xiàng)according to(根據(jù))沒有體現(xiàn)出對(duì)立及取舍關(guān)系，因此排除;C選項(xiàng)regardless of(不管)表讓步關(guān)系，干擾性較強(qiáng)，但文章更強(qiáng)調(diào)取前舍后，因此排除;D選項(xiàng)along with(伴隨)表順接，故排除。故答案為rather than。
14. [A] chances [B]responses [C]missions [D]benefits
【答案】[D] benefits
【解析】根據(jù)前文functional kinship(實(shí)用關(guān)系)可得出D選項(xiàng)benefits(利益)，前后形成呼應(yīng)。A選項(xiàng)chances(機(jī)會(huì))、B選項(xiàng)responses(反應(yīng))、C選項(xiàng)missions(使命)均不符合題意。故答案為benefits。
15. [A] later [B]slower [C] faster [D] earlier
【答案】[C] faster
【解析】該句為：evolving ______ than other genes(比其他基因進(jìn)化得______). 根據(jù)同詞復(fù)現(xiàn)，我們找到該段第二句話中：human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years(人類進(jìn)化在過去30000年間提速)。C 選項(xiàng)faster與下文picked pace(加速)形成呼應(yīng)，故答案為faster。
16. [A]forecast [B]remember [C]understand [D]express
【答案】[C] understand
【解析】此題考查動(dòng)詞。根據(jù)語意�？崭窈竺媸且粋�(gè)why引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，意為“人類進(jìn)化在過去三萬年間得以加速的原因”，表示這一研究的結(jié)果和意義。能與這一賓語從句構(gòu)成搭配的只有C選項(xiàng)understand。A選項(xiàng)forecast“預(yù)測(cè)”與“過去三萬年”相矛盾，B選項(xiàng)remember“記住”和D選項(xiàng)“express”均不符合文意。
17. [A] unpredictable [B]contributory [C] controllable [D] disruptive
【答案】[B] contributory
【解析】此空需要填入一個(gè)形容詞，表達(dá)社會(huì)環(huán)境對(duì)人類進(jìn)步所起到的作用。help，pick pace這兩個(gè)詞表達(dá)的都是積極的含義，因此此處需要填入一個(gè)帶有褒義的感情色彩的詞， 因此排除A選項(xiàng)“不可預(yù)測(cè)的”和D選項(xiàng)“破壞性的”; B 而C選項(xiàng)“可控的”,與語意無關(guān);因此正確答案為B選項(xiàng)contributory“促進(jìn)的”。
18. [A] endeavor [B]decision [C]arrangement [D] tendency
【答案】[D] tendency
【解析】此處進(jìn)一步陳述這一研究的結(jié)論。A選項(xiàng)endeavor“努力”，B選項(xiàng)“決定”，C選項(xiàng)“安排”，D選項(xiàng)“傾向”。本文的主旨重在解釋人們?cè)诮慌笥训牟蛔杂X的一種傾向，而非通過人為的有意識(shí)的舉動(dòng)來選擇朋友。因此正確答案為D。
19. [A] political [B] religious [C] ethnic [D] economic
【答案】[C] ethnic
【解析】結(jié)合文意，人們普遍希望和有相似基因背景的人。C選項(xiàng)ethnic意為“種族的，民族的”，是對(duì)上文中多次重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的genes,以及下文的the same population的同義復(fù)現(xiàn)。因此正確答案為C。 A選項(xiàng)political“政治的”， B選項(xiàng)“宗教的”，D選項(xiàng)“經(jīng)濟(jì)的”均不符合原文文意。
20. [A] see [B] show [C] prove [D] tell
【答案】[A] see
【解析】此處考察動(dòng)詞，動(dòng)詞勢(shì)必要看前后搭配。see that 構(gòu)成固定詞組，意為“務(wù)必使……”，符合文意，即：即使所有的受訪者都擁有歐洲血統(tǒng)，(研究者們)仍然悉心確保所有的受訪者、朋友和陌生人都來自于同一群種。選項(xiàng)B“展示”,選項(xiàng)C“證明”，選項(xiàng)D“辨別”均無此含義，且不符合文意。
